It is a wretched state of slavery which subsists where the law is vague or uncertain.

Explanation

Vague laws that leave the citizen guessing whether he is free to act are instruments of servitude, not liberty. A law must be definite enough that a citizen of ordinary understanding can know what is required. (Duplicate maxim — see also 10.3.9.)

Where this applies

• A law is so vague that nobody can tell what is permitted or forbidden.
• A criminal statute is written so unclearly that ordinary people cannot understand it.

See also

• 1.5.8 The precepts of the law are these: to live honorably, to harm no one, to render to every one his due.
• 10.3.1 An ambiguous answer is to be taken against him who offers it.
• 10.3.9 It is a wretched state of things when the law is vague or uncertain.