Subsequent words, added for the purpose of certainty, are to be referred to preceding words which need certainty.

Explanation

Later qualifying language in an instrument is read as clarifying the earlier, less certain terms — the later words illuminate the earlier.

Where this applies

• Later words in the document clarify the earlier vague terms.
• Subsequent language was added specifically to make the earlier part more certain.
• The later qualifying language illuminates and explains the earlier, less clear terms.

See also

• 10.1.2 The best interpretation is drawn from what goes before and what follows.
• 10.2.5 Words ought to be understood with effect, so that the thing may be preserved rather than destroyed.