That which appears to the court does not need the aid of witnesses.

Explanation

Where a fact is within the court's own knowledge — from its records, its observation, or matters of which it takes judicial notice — witness testimony is unnecessary.

Where this applies

• The court already has this information in its own records.
• The judge can see the evidence directly so we don't need witnesses to explain it.
• The facts are already in the court's file and shouldn't need separate proof.

See also

• 9.4.1 Things manifest do not require proof.
• 9.4.3 Judicial notice is a form of evidence.