The judge is counsel for the prisoner.

Explanation

In criminal proceedings, the judge has a duty to protect the rights of the accused — particularly an unrepresented defendant — by ensuring that the trial is conducted fairly and that the prisoner understands the proceedings against him.

Where this applies

• An unrepresented defendant in a criminal trial is confused by the proceedings, and the judge steps in to explain his rights and ensure he understands the charges against him.
• A judge notices that a pro se defendant does not realize he can cross-examine witnesses, and the judge informs him of that right because the court has a duty to protect the accused.
• During sentencing, a judge ensures the convicted person understands the sentence and his right to appeal, acting as counsel for the prisoner's basic legal interests.