The action in personam is that by which we sue him who is under obligation to us to do something or give something.

Explanation

(English-origin maxim.) An action in personam lies against a specific person who is under a personal obligation to do or give something — it follows the debtor, not the property.

Where this applies

• A landlord sues a specific tenant who owes back rent — this is an action in personam because it targets the individual who is personally obligated to pay.
• A lender sues a borrower personally for failing to repay a loan, seeking a judgment against the borrower's assets wherever they may be found.
• An employer sues a former employee for violating a non-compete agreement — the claim follows the person, not any particular piece of property.