Concerning the fidelity and official conduct of a judge, no question is entertained; but his decisions may be impugned for error of law or fact.

Explanation

(English-origin maxim.) A judge's personal integrity is presumed, but his legal conclusions are subject to review — challenge the ruling, not the judge.

Where this applies

• A losing party accuses the judge of bad faith instead of appealing the actual legal error.
• A ruling is challenged on appeal for misapplying the law, not for the judge's honesty.