Ratification is equivalent to a command.

Explanation

To ratify is to adopt — once the principal assents to what was done in his name, he is as bound as though he had ordered it from the beginning.

Where this applies

• Approval after the fact is as binding as a prior order.
• A company discovers an unauthorized transaction by its employee and accepts it.

See also

• 4.4.1 He who acts through another acts himself.
• 4.4.4 Every ratification relates back and is equivalent to a prior command.